Both readings by Marvin and Milne discussed the history and development of media communication in the nineteenth century. The discussion in Marvin’s article has a broad perspective of media compared to Milne’s article which mainly focuses on the use of visiting cards.
Marvin describes that the invention of telegraph was the starting point of diverting the focus of media used from print to electrical. Thus, computer was developed from the original idea of a telegraph. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century lies an important part of modern media history where five main media in the twentieth century were invented. His study attempts to place the beginning of Anglo-American electronic media history from the twentieth century to the late nineteenth century.
In his article, Marvin highlighted that the process of media development started long before it is introduced. It is not only the act of buying the media such as television and radio that introduces electronic media communication but also the early debates the electronic media itself. Marvin tries to include the technical development of the devices and also the debates on social change as an important part of the history of electronic media communication.
The idea of analysing the history of electronic media in the late nineteenth century is to see some issues in social history that may be overlooked. Before the existing of any media, the negotiation of power, authority, representation and knowledge will take place especially by old groups. Therefore, old practices are revised and group habits are reformed. The resolutions of conflicts are very important to reduce social risk.
Some other social issues were also discussed in the development of electronic media involving the expanding culture variety, geographic perimeters and the changes in social structure. There were cultural and class assumptions on the form of communication among particular groups which highlighted the hopes and fears that new media will loosen or tighten existing social bonds. Among their fears are how new media is carried out in public areas, how the world could be known and how other groups than one’s own imagined it to be.
Marvin included that technicians also played a big part in cultural productions besides technical production. It started with their dreams and their efforts that today’s societies are able to benefit from the technologies that we have now.
Milne focuses on the use of visiting card which was introduced in the early eighteenth century where the caller’s name is inscribed on a playing card. The idea is to notify those with whom one wished to make contact. In the development, the card has evolved from simple plain ones into those customized with photos, logos and designs according to taste, interest, hobbies and others. The visiting cards represent a technology of telepresence. It is used to stand in for the corporeal presence of their author. It also functioned as avatars of presence and identity to mediate social relations according to the varying degrees of intimacy.
Nevertheless, wrong interpretations of signs may cause communication break down. The conflict of wether to call or to answer with a card can also occur. Visiting cards also produced division of class for only middle and upper class participate in the use of it.
As a conclusion, technologies are not only digital, computer or mobile phones like what we may define today but it is any form of invention hat will assist in a process which in this context is the communication process. In the development history of media, the social issues plays an important part to determine the future pathways of each media and human practice are change in the development and with the use of media.
Refference
Extract from Marvin, Carolyn, 1989. When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteeth Century, Oxford UP: Oxford, pp. 3-8
Esther Milne, 2004 .” Magic Bits of Paste-board”: Texting in the Nineteenth Century’, M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 7(1): 1-6. Accessed at http://www.media-culture.org.au/0401/02-milne.html on 16 Feb 2004
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